翻译【搬运osmosis】Tobacco Dependence烟草依赖

这一篇比较长 ，但是不难，应该差不多都能看懂，也是比较适合非专业人员的科普文~ 

如果对UC标题  "知道你为什么戒不掉烟吗"感兴趣，直接跳转阅读最后几段。

谢谢UP大大的搬运 

翻译：思安安

Tobacco Dependence - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

烟草依赖——病因、症状、诊断、治疗、病理学

There are over a billion people who smoke tobacco around the world, which makes it one of the most popular psychoactive substances used in society.The majority of tobacco users smoke cigarettes, but some smoke cigars or pipes, chew tobacco or practice snuffing which is where ground up tobacco leaves are pushed up the nose.Given the popularity of tobacco as well as its negative health consequences, it’s considered one of the leading causes of preventable death and disease worldwide.

世界上有超过10亿人吸烟，这使它成为社会上最流行的精神活性物质之一。大多数烟草使用者吸烟，还有一些雪茄或烟斗，嚼烟草或鼻吸，这是碾碎烟草叶推到鼻子上。考虑到烟草的受欢迎程度及其对健康的负面影响，它被认为是世界范围内可预防的死亡和疾病的主要原因之一。

Cigarette smoke contains over 4,000 toxic chemicals.These toxins cause endothelial cell damage which creates inflammation along the inner lining of arteries.The inflammation increases the risk of having a myocardial infarction - a heart attack,a stroke, and peripheral vascular disease which is where there is severe pain in the lower legs.The toxins can also cause pulmonary problems because the toxins get deposited into the lungs, which damages the lung tissue and makes them more likely to get infected as well.Finally, the cigarette smoke has a lot of different carcinogens, including ammonia,formaldehyde, carbon monoxide, which are associated with cancers of the mouth, throat, lung, bladder,pancreas, and uterus.Combining these effects, a heavy smoker who smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, for20 years, loses about 14 years of life.Despite the negative consequences of smoking, most people continue to smoke because tobacco contains nicotine, a tiny, fat-soluble molecule that creates pleasurable psychoactive effects and is extremely addictive.Nicotine is considered “responsible” for the high rates of tobacco dependence and addiction,while the 4,000 other chemicals and compounds are “responsible” for the negative health effects associated with smoking.When a cigarette is lit, some of the nicotine gets destroyed by the heat, and some gets into the smoke that gets inhaled.As a result, smokers are able to “self-titrate” their nicotine dose by inhaling more frequently,more deeply, or for a longer amount of time.

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